| Tissue Specificity | Urodilatin: Detected in the kidney distal tubular cells (at protein level). Present in urine (at protein level). Atrial natriuretic peptide: Detected in atrial and ventricular plasma samples, and in adipocytes (at protein level). Detected in urine in one study. However, was not detected in urine in another study. In the brain, predominantly expressed in the gray matter with very weak expression in the white matter (at protein level). Localizes to astrocyte-like structures throughout the white matter, and in the cerebral vessels detected in the leptomeningeal and parenchymal vessels, and endothelium and smooth muscle layers (at protein level). Relatively low levels of expression in the kidneys compared to urodilatin (at protein level). |
| Post Translational Modifications | The precursor molecule is proteolytically cleaved by CORIN at Arg-123 to produce atrial natriuretic peptide. Undergoes further proteolytic cleavage by unknown proteases to give rise to long-acting natriuretic peptide, vessel dilator and kaliuretic peptide. Additional processing gives rise to the auriculin and atriopeptin peptides. In the kidneys, alternative processing by an unknown protease results in the peptide urodilatin. Atrial natriuretic peptide: Cleavage by MME initiates degradation of the factor and thereby regulates its activity. Degraded by IDE (in vitro). During IDE degradation, the resulting products can temporarily stimulate NPR2 to produce cGMP, before the fragments are completely degraded and inactivated by IDE (in vitro). Urodilatin: Degraded by IDE. Urodilatin: Phosphorylation on Ser-129 decreases vasorelaxant activity. |
| Function | Atrial natriuretic peptide: Hormone that plays a key role in mediating cardio-renal homeostasis, and is involved in vascular remodeling and regulating energy metabolism. Acts by specifically binding and stimulating NPR1 to produce cGMP, which in turn activates effector proteins, such as PRKG1, that drive various biological responses. Regulates vasodilation, natriuresis, diuresis and aldosterone synthesis and is therefore essential for regulating blood pressure, controlling the extracellular fluid volume and maintaining the fluid-electrolyte balance. Also involved in inhibiting cardiac remodeling and cardiac hypertrophy by inducing cardiomyocyte apoptosis and attenuating the growth of cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Plays a role in female pregnancy by promoting trophoblast invasion and spiral artery remodeling in uterus, and thus prevents pregnancy-induced hypertension. In adipose tissue, acts in various cGMP- and PKG-dependent pathways to regulate lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis. This includes up-regulating lipid metabolism and mitochondrial oxygen utilization by activating the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and increasing energy expenditure by acting via MAPK11 to promote the UCP1-dependent thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue. Binds the clearance receptor NPR3 which removes the hormone from circulation. Long-acting natriuretic peptide: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis, diuresis, vasodilation, and inhibiting aldosterone synthesis. In vitro, promotes the production of cGMP and induces vasodilation. May promote natriuresis, at least in part, by enhancing prostaglandin E2 synthesis resulting in the inhibition of renal Na+-K+-ATPase. However reports on the involvement of this peptide in mammal blood volume and blood pressure homeostasis are conflicting.according to a report, in vivo it is not sufficient to activate cGMP and does not inhibit collecting duct transport nor effect diuresis and natriuresis. Appears to bind to specific receptors that are distinct from the receptors bound by atrial natriuretic peptide and vessel dilator. Possibly enhances protein excretion in urine by decreasing proximal tubular protein reabsorption. Vessel dilator: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis, diuresis, and vasodilation. In vitro, promotes the production of cGMP and induces vasodilation. May promote natriuresis, at least in part, by enhancing prostaglandin E2 synthesis resulting in the inhibition of renal Na+-K+-ATPase. However reports on the involvement of this peptide in mammal blood volume and blood pressure homeostasis are conflicting.according to a report it is not sufficient to activate cGMP and does not inhibit collecting duct transport nor effect diuresis and natriuresis. Appears to bind to specific receptors that are distinct from the receptors bound by the atrial natriuretic and long-acting natriuretic peptides. Possibly functions in protein excretion in urine by maintaining the integrity of the proximal tubules and enhancing protein excretion by decreasing proximal tubular protein reabsorption. Kaliuretic peptide: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of diuresis and inhibiting aldosterone synthesis. In vitro, promotes the production of cGMP and induces vasodilation. May promote natriuresis, at least in part, by enhancing prostaglandin E2 synthesis resulting in the inhibition of renal Na+-K+-ATPase. May have a role in potassium excretion but not sodium excretion (natriuresis). Possibly enhances protein excretion in urine by decreasing proximal tubular protein reabsorption. Urodilatin: Hormone produced in the kidneys that appears to be important for maintaining cardio-renal homeostasis. Mediates vasodilation, natriuresis and diuresis primarily in the renal system, in order to maintain the extracellular fluid volume and control the fluid-electrolyte balance. Specifically binds and stimulates cGMP production by renal transmembrane receptors, likely NPR1. Urodilatin not ANP, may be the natriuretic peptide responsible for the regulation of sodium and water homeostasis in the kidney. Auriculin-D: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis and in vitro, vasodilates renal artery strips. Auriculin-B: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis and in vitro, vasodilates renal artery strips. Auriculin-A: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis. In vitro, vasodilates intestinal smooth muscle but not smooth muscle strips. Atriopeptin-2: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis. In vitro, selectively vasodilates intestinal and vascular smooth muscle strips. Atriopeptin-1: May have a role in cardio-renal homeostasis through regulation of natriuresis and vasodilation. In vivo promotes natriuresis. In vitro, selectively vasodilates intestinal smooth muscle but not vascular smooth muscle strips. |
| Protein Name | Natriuretic Peptides AAtrial Natriuretic Factor ProhormoneProanfAtrial Natriuretic Peptide ProhormonePreproanpProanpAtriopeptigenCardiodilatinCddPreprocdd-Anf Cleaved Into - Long-Acting Natriuretic PeptideLanpLong-Acting Natriuretic HormoneLanhPro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 1-30Proanf 1-30Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 1-30Proanp 1-30 - Vessel DilatorVsdlPro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 31-67Proanf 31-67Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 31-67Proanp 31-67 - Kaliuretic PeptideKpPro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 79-98Proanf 79-98Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 79-98Proanp 79-98 - UrodilatinUroCdd 95-126Cdd-Anp95-126Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 95-126Proanp 95-126 - Auriculin-CAtrial Natriuretic Factor 1-33Anf 1-33 - Auriculin-DAtrial Natriuretic Factor 3-33Anf 3-33 - Atrial Natriuretic PeptideAnpAlpha-Atrial Natriuretic PeptideAlpha-HanpAtrial Natriuretic FactorAnfCdd-AnfCdd-Anp99-126CardionatrinPro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 99-126Proanf 99-126 - Auriculin-BAtrial Natriuretic Factor 8-33Anf 8-33 - Auriculin-A - Atriopeptin-1Atriopeptin I - Atriopeptin-2Atriopeptin Ii - Atriopeptin-3Atriopeptin Iii |
| Database Links | Reactome: R-HSA-2032785Reactome: R-HSA-5578768Reactome: R-HSA-977225 |
| Cellular Localisation | Long-Acting Natriuretic Peptide: SecretedDetected In BloodVessel Dilator: SecretedKaliuretic Peptide: SecretedUrodilatin: SecretedDetected In UrineNot Detected In BloodIncreased ElectrolytesOsmolality And Intracellular Camp Levels Increase Peptide Secretion/ExcretionAtrial Natriuretic Peptide: SecretedPerikaryonCell ProjectionDetected In Urine In One StudyHoweverIn Another StudyWas Not Detected In UrineDetected In Cytoplasmic Bodies And Neuronal Processes Of Pyramidal Neurons (Layers Ii-Vi)Increased Secretion In Response To The Vasopressin AvpLikely To Be Secreted In Response To An Increase In Atrial Pressure Or Atrial StretchIn Kidney CellsSecretion Increases In Response To Activated Guanylyl Cyclases And Increased Intracellular Camp LevelsPlasma Levels Increase 15 Minutes After A High-Salt MealAnd Decrease Back To Normal Plasma Levels 1 Hr LaterAtriopeptin-3: SecretedSlight Increase In Secretion In Response To The Vasopressin Avp |
| Alternative Antibody Names | Anti-Natriuretic Peptides A antibodyAnti-Atrial Natriuretic Factor Prohormone antibodyAnti-Proanf antibodyAnti-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Prohormone antibodyAnti-Preproanp antibodyAnti-Proanp antibodyAnti-Atriopeptigen antibodyAnti-Cardiodilatin antibodyAnti-Cdd antibodyAnti-Preprocdd-Anf Cleaved Into - Long-Acting Natriuretic Peptide antibodyAnti-Lanp antibodyAnti-Long-Acting Natriuretic Hormone antibodyAnti-Lanh antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 1-30 antibodyAnti-Proanf 1-30 antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 1-30 antibodyAnti-Proanp 1-30 - Vessel Dilator antibodyAnti-Vsdl antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 31-67 antibodyAnti-Proanf 31-67 antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 31-67 antibodyAnti-Proanp 31-67 - Kaliuretic Peptide antibodyAnti-Kp antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 79-98 antibodyAnti-Proanf 79-98 antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 79-98 antibodyAnti-Proanp 79-98 - Urodilatin antibodyAnti-Uro antibodyAnti-Cdd 95-126 antibodyAnti-Cdd-Anp antibodyAnti-95-126 antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Peptide 95-126 antibodyAnti-Proanp 95-126 - Auriculin-C antibodyAnti-Atrial Natriuretic Factor 1-33 antibodyAnti-Anf 1-33 - Auriculin-D antibodyAnti-Atrial Natriuretic Factor 3-33 antibodyAnti-Anf 3-33 - Atrial Natriuretic Peptide antibodyAnti-Anp antibodyAnti-Alpha-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide antibodyAnti-Alpha-Hanp antibodyAnti-Atrial Natriuretic Factor antibodyAnti-Anf antibodyAnti-Cdd-Anf antibodyAnti-Cdd-Anp antibodyAnti-99-126 antibodyAnti-Cardionatrin antibodyAnti-Pro Atrial Natriuretic Factor 99-126 antibodyAnti-Proanf 99-126 - Auriculin-B antibodyAnti-Atrial Natriuretic Factor 8-33 antibodyAnti-Anf 8-33 - Auriculin-A - Atriopeptin-1 antibodyAnti-Atriopeptin I - Atriopeptin-2 antibodyAnti-Atriopeptin Ii - Atriopeptin-3 antibodyAnti-Atriopeptin Iii antibodyAnti-NPPA antibodyAnti-ANP antibodyAnti-PND antibody |
