• Western blot of HEK293 cells transfected with Parkin wild type (WT) and Parkin S378 mutant (Mut) showing the specific immunolabeling of the ~52 kDa parkin protein phosphorylated at Ser378.

Anti-Phospho-PARK2-Ser378 antibody (STJA0003743)

SKU:
STJA0003743-100

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Host: Rabbit
Applications: WB
Reactivity: Human/Bovine/Non-Human Primates
Note: STRICTLY FOR FURTHER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH USE ONLY (RUO). MUST NOT TO BE USED IN DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS.
Short Description: Rabbit polyclonal antibody anti-Phospho-Parkin-Ser378 is suitable for use in Western Blot research applications.
Clonality: Polyclonal
Conjugation: Unconjugated
Isotype: IgG
Formulation: 100 µl in 10 mM HEPES (pH 7.5) , 150 mM NaCl, 100 µg per ml BSA and 50% Glycerol.
Purification: This antibody was antigen affinity purified from serum.
Dilution Range: WB 1:1000
IHC
ICC
IP
Storage Instruction: Store at-20°C for up to 1 year from the date of receipt, and avoid repeat freeze-thaw cycles.
Gene Symbol: PRKN
Gene ID: 5071
Uniprot ID: PRKN_HUMAN
Immunogen: Synthetic phospho-peptide corresponding to amino acid residues surrounding Ser378 conjugated to KLH.
Tissue Specificity Highly expressed in the brain including the substantia nigra. Expressed in heart, testis and skeletal muscle. Expression is down-regulated or absent in tumor biopsies, and absent in the brain of PARK2 patients. Overexpression protects dopamine neurons from kainate-mediated apoptosis. Found in serum (at protein level).
Post Translational Modifications ISGylated. Conjugated to ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 upon IFN-beta stimulation. ISGylation positively regulates its E3 ligase activity. Auto-ubiquitinates in an E2-dependent manner leading to its own degradation. Also polyubiquitinated by RNF41 for proteasomal degradation. S-nitrosylated. The inhibition of PRKN ubiquitin E3 ligase activity by S-nitrosylation could contribute to the degenerative process in PD by impairing the ubiquitination of PRKN substrates. Phosphorylated. Activation requires phosphorylation at Ser-65 by PINK1 and binding to PINK1 phosphorylated ubiquitin. Phosphorylation at Thr-175 by PINK1 and at Thr-217 is important for mitochondrial localization.
Function Functions within a multiprotein E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, catalyzing the covalent attachment of ubiquitin moieties onto substrate proteins. Substrates include SYT11 and VDAC1. Other substrates are BCL2, CCNE1, GPR37, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1, MFN2, STUB1, SNCAIP, SEPTIN5, TOMM20, USP30, ZNF746, MIRO1 and AIMP2. Mediates monoubiquitination as well as 'Lys-6', 'Lys-11', 'Lys-48'-linked and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of substrates depending on the context. Participates in the removal and/or detoxification of abnormally folded or damaged protein by mediating 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of misfolded proteins such as PARK7: 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitinated misfolded proteins are then recognized by HDAC6, leading to their recruitment to aggresomes, followed by degradation. Mediates 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitination of a 22 kDa O-linked glycosylated isoform of SNCAIP, possibly playing a role in Lewy-body formation. Mediates monoubiquitination of BCL2, thereby acting as a positive regulator of autophagy. Protects against mitochondrial dysfunction during cellular stress, by acting downstream of PINK1 to coordinate mitochondrial quality control mechanisms that remove and replace dysfunctional mitochondrial components. Depending on the severity of mitochondrial damage and/or dysfunction, activity ranges from preventing apoptosis and stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis to regulating mitochondrial dynamics and eliminating severely damaged mitochondria via mitophagy. Activation and recruitment onto the outer membrane of damaged/dysfunctional mitochondria (OMM) requires PINK1-mediated phosphorylation of both PRKN and ubiquitin. After mitochondrial damage, functions with PINK1 to mediate the decision between mitophagy or preventing apoptosis by inducing either the poly- or monoubiquitination of VDAC1, respectively.polyubiquitination of VDAC1 promotes mitophagy, while monoubiquitination of VDAC1 decreases mitochondrial calcium influx which ultimately inhibits apoptosis. When cellular stress results in irreversible mitochondrial damage, promotes the autophagic degradation of dysfunctional depolarized mitochondria (mitophagy) by promoting the ubiquitination of mitochondrial proteins such as TOMM20, RHOT1/MIRO1, MFN1 and USP30. Preferentially assembles 'Lys-6'-, 'Lys-11'- and 'Lys-63'-linked polyubiquitin chains, leading to mitophagy. The PINK1-PRKN pathway also promotes fission of damaged mitochondria by PINK1-mediated phosphorylation which promotes the PRKN-dependent degradation of mitochondrial proteins involved in fission such as MFN2. This prevents the refusion of unhealthy mitochondria with the mitochondrial network or initiates mitochondrial fragmentation facilitating their later engulfment by autophagosomes. Regulates motility of damaged mitochondria via the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of MIRO1 and MIRO2.in motor neurons, this likely inhibits mitochondrial intracellular anterograde transport along the axons which probably increases the chance of the mitochondria undergoing mitophagy in the soma. Involved in mitochondrial biogenesis via the 'Lys-48'-linked polyubiquitination of transcriptional repressor ZNF746/PARIS which leads to its subsequent proteasomal degradation and allows activation of the transcription factor PPARGC1A. Limits the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Regulates cyclin-E during neuronal apoptosis. In collaboration with CHPF isoform 2, may enhance cell viability and protect cells from oxidative stress. Independently of its ubiquitin ligase activity, protects from apoptosis by the transcriptional repression of p53/TP53. May protect neurons against alpha synuclein toxicity, proteasomal dysfunction, GPR37 accumulation, and kainate-induced excitotoxicity. May play a role in controlling neurotransmitter trafficking at the presynaptic terminal and in calcium-dependent exocytosis. May represent a tumor suppressor gene.
Protein Name E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Parkin
Parkin
Parkin Rbr E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase
Parkinson Juvenile Disease Protein 2
Parkinson Disease Protein 2
Database Links Reactome: R-HSA-5205685
Reactome: R-HSA-5675482
Reactome: R-HSA-5689877
Reactome: R-HSA-9646399
Reactome: R-HSA-977225
Reactome: R-HSA-983168
Cellular Localisation Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Mitochondrion Outer Membrane
Cell Projection
Neuron Projection
Postsynaptic Density
Presynapse
Mainly Localizes In The Cytosol
Co-Localizes With Syt11 In Neutrites
Co-Localizes With Sncaip In Brainstem Lewy Bodies
Translocates To Dysfunctional Mitochondria That Have Lost The Mitochondrial Membrane Potential
Recruitment To Mitochondria Is Pink1-Dependent
Mitochondrial Localization Also Gradually Increases With Cellular Growth
Alternative Antibody Names Anti-E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Parkin antibody
Anti-Parkin antibody
Anti-Parkin Rbr E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase antibody
Anti-Parkinson Juvenile Disease Protein 2 antibody
Anti-Parkinson Disease Protein 2 antibody
Anti-PRKN antibody
Anti-PARK2 antibody

Information sourced from Uniprot.org

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