| Background | Immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces against attack by infectious microorganisms. Such sites present a major site of susceptibility due to their vast surface area and their constant exposure to ingested and inhaled material. The importance of IgA to effective immune defence is signalled by the fact that more IgA is produced than all the other immunoglobulin classes combined. Genetic sequence analysis has confirmed the presence of IgA in all categories of mammals (placental, marsupials, and monotremes) and in birds. However, there are notable species differences. Most mammals have a single IgA isotype. IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses akin to those in humans are only present in related primates, including chimpanzees, gorillas, and gibbons [5], consistent with IgA1 arising relatively recently in evolutionary terms. Orangutans have an equivalent of IgA1, but appear to have lost their form of IgA2. The other group of mammals to have more than one IgA are rabbits and other lagomorphs, which have a massively expanded number of IgA genes, resulting in 14 known subclasses, 11 of which are expressed. A 15th IgA was recently described in domestic European rabbits. While IgA is known to play a common role in protection at mucosal surfaces, the levels, forms, and distribution of IgA vary. For example, in species commonly used in experimental research, including mice, rats, and rabbits, the main for |
Information sourced from Uniprot.org
