| Host: | Rabbit |
| Applications: | WB/IHC-P/IF/ICC/ELISA |
| Reactivity: | Human/Mouse/Rat |
| Note: | STRICTLY FOR FURTHER SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH USE ONLY (RUO). MUST NOT TO BE USED IN DIAGNOSTIC OR THERAPEUTIC APPLICATIONS. |
| Clonality : | Polyclonal |
| Conjugation: | Unconjugated |
| Isotype: | IgG |
| Formulation: | PBS with 0.05% Proclin300, 50% Glycerol, pH 7.3. |
| Purification: | Affinity purification |
| Concentration: | Lot specific |
| Dilution Range: | WB:1:500-1:1000 IHC-P:1:50-1:200 IF/ICC:1:50-1:100 ELISA:Recommended starting concentration is 1 Mu g/mL. Please optimize the concentration based on your specific assay requirements. |
| Storage Instruction: | Store at-20°C for up to 1 year from the date of receipt, and avoid repeat freeze-thaw cycles. |
| Gene Symbol: | S100A8 |
| Gene ID: | 6279 |
| Uniprot ID: | S10A8_HUMAN |
| Immunogen Region: | 1-93 |
| Specificity: | Recombinant fusion protein containing a sequence corresponding to amino acids 1-93 of human S100A8 (NP_002955.2). |
| Immunogen Sequence: | MLTELEKALNSIIDVYHKYS LIKGNFHAVYRDDLKKLLET ECPQYIRKKGADVWFKELDI NTDGAVNFQEFLILVIKMGV AAHKKSHEESHKE |
| Tissue Specificity | Calprotectin (S100A8/9) is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. Except for inflammatory conditions, the expression is restricted to a specific stage of myeloid differentiation since both proteins are expressed in circulating neutrophils and monocytes but are absent in normal tissue macrophages and lymphocytes. Under chronic inflammatory conditions, such as psoriasis and malignant disorders, also expressed in the epidermis. Found in high concentrations at local sites of inflammation or in the serum of patients with inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid, cystic fibrosis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, giant cell arteritis, cystic fibrosis, Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and progressive systemic sclerosis. Involved in the formation and deposition of amyloids in the aging prostate known as corpora amylacea inclusions. Strongly up-regulated in many tumors, including gastric, esophageal, colon, pancreatic, bladder, ovarian, thyroid, breast and skin cancers. |
| Function | S100A8 is a calcium- and zinc-binding protein which plays a prominent role in the regulation of inflammatory processes and immune response. It can induce neutrophil chemotaxis and adhesion. Predominantly found as calprotectin (S100A8/A9) which has a wide plethora of intra- and extracellular functions. The intracellular functions include: facilitating leukocyte arachidonic acid trafficking and metabolism, modulation of the tubulin-dependent cytoskeleton during migration of phagocytes and activation of the neutrophilic NADPH-oxidase. Participates also in regulatory T-cell differentiation together with CD69. Activates NADPH-oxidase by facilitating the enzyme complex assembly at the cell membrane, transferring arachidonic acid, an essential cofactor, to the enzyme complex and S100A8 contributes to the enzyme assembly by directly binding to NCF2/P67PHOX. The extracellular functions involve pro-inflammatory, antimicrobial, oxidant-scavenging and apoptosis-inducing activities. Its pro-inflammatory activity includes recruitment of leukocytes, promotion of cytokine and chemokine production, and regulation of leukocyte adhesion and migration. Acts as an alarmin or a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecule and stimulates innate immune cells via binding to pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (AGER). Binding to TLR4 and AGER activates the MAP-kinase and NF-kappa-B signaling pathways resulting in the amplification of the pro-inflammatory cascade. Has antimicrobial activity towards bacteria and fungi and exerts its antimicrobial activity probably via chelation of Zn(2+) which is essential for microbial growth. Can induce cell death via autophagy and apoptosis and this occurs through the cross-talk of mitochondria and lysosomes via reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the process involves BNIP3. Can regulate neutrophil number and apoptosis by an anti-apoptotic effect.regulates cell survival via ITGAM/ITGB and TLR4 and a signaling mechanism involving MEK-ERK. Its role as an oxidant scavenger has a protective role in preventing exaggerated tissue damage by scavenging oxidants. Can act as a potent amplifier of inflammation in autoimmunity as well as in cancer development and tumor spread. The iNOS-S100A8/A9 transnitrosylase complex directs selective inflammatory stimulus-dependent S-nitrosylation of GAPDH and probably multiple targets such as ANXA5, EZR, MSN and VIM by recognizing a IL-x-C-x-x-DE motif.S100A8 seems to contribute to S-nitrosylation site selectivity. (Microbial infection) Upon infection by human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, may induce expansion of aberrant immature neutrophils in a TLR4-dependent manner. |
| Protein Name | Protein S100-A8 Calgranulin-A Calprotectin L1l Subunit Cystic Fibrosis Antigen Cfag Leukocyte L1 Complex Light Chain Migration Inhibitory Factor-Related Protein 8 Mrp-8 P8 S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A8 Urinary Stone Protein Band A |
| Database Links | Reactome: R-HSA-1236974 Reactome: R-HSA-166058 Reactome: R-HSA-5602498 Reactome: R-HSA-5603041 Reactome: R-HSA-5668599 Reactome: R-HSA-5686938 Reactome: R-HSA-6798695 Reactome: R-HSA-6799990 |
| Cellular Localisation | Secreted Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton Cell Membrane Peripheral Membrane Protein Predominantly Localized In The Cytoplasm Upon Elevation Of The Intracellular Calcium Level Translocated From The Cytoplasm To The Cytoskeleton And The Cell Membrane Upon Neutrophil Activation Or Endothelial Adhesion Of Monocytes Is Secreted Via A Microtubule-Mediated Alternative Pathway |
| Alternative Antibody Names | Anti-Protein S100-A8 antibody Anti-Calgranulin-A antibody Anti-Calprotectin L1l Subunit antibody Anti-Cystic Fibrosis Antigen antibody Anti-Cfag antibody Anti-Leukocyte L1 Complex Light Chain antibody Anti-Migration Inhibitory Factor-Related Protein 8 antibody Anti-Mrp-8 antibody Anti-P8 antibody Anti-S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A8 antibody Anti-Urinary Stone Protein Band A antibody Anti-S100A8 antibody Anti-CAGA antibody Anti-CFAG antibody Anti-MRP8 antibody |
Information sourced from Uniprot.org